Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease. Blood pressure (BP) control can reduce the risks of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity, mortality, and kidney disease progression. Recently, the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines have suggested the implementation of a more intensive BP control with a target systolic BP (SBP) of <120 mmHg based on the evidence that the CV benefits obtained is outweighed by the kidney injury risk associated with a lower BP target. However, an extremely low BP level may para- doxically aggravate renal function and CV outcomes. Herein, we aimed to review the existing literature regarding optimal BP control using medications for DKD.

• Blood pressure
• Diabetes
• Kidney
• Mortality

Bartter syndrome (BS) is one of the most well-known hereditary tubular disor- ders, characterized by hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, and polyuria/ polydipsia. This disease usually presents before or during infancy, and adult nephrologists often inherit the patients from pediatric nephrologists since this is a life-long condition. Here, a few case scenarios will be presented to recount how they first got diagnosed and how their clinical courses were during childhood until adulthood, in addition to a brief review of the disease and its treatment.

• Bartter syndrome
• Hypokalemia
• Inherited tubulopathy
• Salt-losing tubulopathy

In elderly chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, isolated systolic hypertension is common, the rate of renal function decline is slow, and there is a high possibility of physical damage due to side effects such as drug use-related orthostatic hypo- tension. Therefore, there are still many questions about whether lowering blood pressure in elderly patients will actually improve prognosis. Since many blood pressure-related clinical studies exclude advanced CKD and the elderly, it is par- ticularly difficult to define target blood pressure in these populations. A rando- mized controlled trial is needed to establish optimal blood pressure targets and treatment strategies in elderly patients with CKD. This review seeks to summarize the guidelines available at this time.

• Hypertension
• Elderly
• Chronic kidney disease

Despite the lack of proven superiority in mortality compared to intermittent hemo- dialysis, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is the preferred renal repla- cement therapy modality for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) due to better hemodynamic stability and steady correction of electrolytes distur- bances and volume overload. Multiple and complex electrolyte disorders in patients with AKI can be managed effectively with CRRT because controlled and predictable correction is feasible. Thus, CRRT has an advantage with safety over conventional hemodialysis, especially in patients with both renal dysfunction and electrolyte disorder that require a sophisticated treatment with avoidance of rapid correction. On the contrary, CRRT can potentially lead to paradoxical disturbance of electrolytes such as hypokalemia or hypophosphatemia, especially in patients under high dose or prolonged duration of CRRT treatment. These electrolytes rela- ted complications can be prevented with close monitoring followed by the appro- priate use of CRRT fluids. Although there is a lack of solid evidence and standardi- zed guideline for CRRT prescriptions, optimal management of various electrolyte disturbances can be achieved with individualized and tailored dialysate and replacement fluid prescriptions. Several commercially available CRRT solutions with varying compositions provide flexibility to manage electrolyte disorders and maintain the stability of electrolyte. In this review, we discuss various prescription methods to manage common electrolyte imbalances as well as preventative stra- tegies to maintain electrolyte homeostasis during CRRT providing detailed proto- cols used in our center. This review may contribute to future research that can lead to the development of clinical practice guidelines.

• Continuous renal replacement therapy
• Electrolyte
• Dialysis
• Acute kidney injury
• Hemodialysis